Fakultas Kedokteran Universitas Muslim Indonesia
Introduction: Glaucoma contributes of cases of number of irreversible blindness worldwide, with estimates reaching 112 million cases by 2040. About 50% remain unaware in the early stages of this disease unless there is already a visual disturbance or an acute attack. Methods: This is an observational literature review. This study uses the PubMed and Google Scholar databases. The keywords searched were: Glaucoma risk factors, retinal ganglion cell damage, intraocular pressure, neuroprotection for glaucoma, metabolic disease and glaucoma. The inclusion criteria were original cohort studies, case-control studies, Randomized Controlled Trial (RCT), systematic review, and meta-analysis in the last decade in English. Non-English articles were excluded. Results: The main preventable risk factors of glaucoma are increased intraocular pressure, oxidative stress, and metabolic syndrome. for every 1 mmHg increase in intraocular pressure there will be a loss of retinal nerv fiber layer of ~0.05µm to ~0.13µm per year. Controlling intraocular pressure with medications or laser/surgery can reduce intraocular pressure by 20-70%. Oxidative stress damage retinal ganglion cell particularly in normo-tension glaucoma, regardless of intraocular pressure. Metabolic syndrome increases oxidative stress thereby exacerbating retinal ganglion cell damage. The use of citicoline and nicotinamide has been widely proven to slow down retinal ganglion cell damage in glaucoma. The relationship between blood pressure with the progression of glaucoma is still debated. Conclusion: Preventing the progression of glaucoma is important by controlling the preventable risk factors, including increased intraocular pressure, oxidative stress and metabolic syndrome. By decreasing intraocular pressure, damage to retinal ganglion cells slows down. Oxidative stress damages retinal ganglion cells regardless of intraocular pressure. Metabolic syndrome increases oxidative stress, thereby exacerbating retinal ganglion cell damage.
Copyright (c) 2026 Siti Ulfatun Najiyyah, Ika Putriyuliani, Padmi Kartika Sari
Comparison of Students Score between Progress Test and Final Test; Pilot Project
Introduction: The implementation of diverse assessment methods has facilitated the collection of both quantitative and qualitative data, providing students with valuable feedback. Most programs reported that their assessment strategies were aligned with a competency framework, emphasizing constructive alignment and assessments structured according to Miller’s pyramid. Many programs highlighted the significance of multiple low-stakes workplace-based assessments for evaluating real-world competencies, alongside the use of the final test, including progress testing in the knowledge domain to decrease student load. The aim of this study is to compare student final score between the progress test and the final test. Methods: This is a mixed-method research. A quantitative of 506 students participated in the growth and development & geriatrics block, divided into two groups. Group A (progress test), comprising 253 students, underwent a progress test conducted over four exam sessions in 2024, as a pilot project. Meanwhile, Group B (final test), also with 253 students, completed a final test in 2023. The data from both groups were collected and analyzed using the T-independent test. Also, qualitative data was taken by student interviews. Result: Group A, assessed in 2024, achieved a higher average score (69.33 ± 11.22) compared to Group B (54.92 ± 11.49). The T-independent test yielded a P value of <0.0001, indicating a statistically significant difference. This suggests that the progress test method is more effective than the final test in enhancing students' final scores, as progress tests help alleviate cognitive load. Conclusion: As a pilot initiative, the progress test has proven effective in improving students' final scores. It is recommended that this approach be extended to other educational blocks that have similar characteristics to the interventional blocks to enhance overall educational quality.
Copyright (c) 2026 Berry Erida Hasbi, Windy Nur Aisyah, Farah Ekawati Mulyadi
Risk Factor and Symptoms of Back Pain in Coastal Fisherman in Jaya Bakti Village Banggai
Introduction: Back pain is a significant global musculoskeletal health issue, particularly affecting occupational groups with high physical demands, such as fishermen. This study aimed to describe demographic factors (age), lifestyle (smoking, alcohol consumption), socioeconomic status, and accompanying symptoms associated with back pain in a population of coastal fishermen in Jaya Bakti Village, Pagimana, Banggai Regency. Methods: This study employed a descriptive quantitative approach, collecting data through structured questionnaires. The study sample consisted of 62 fishermen selected from the population at the research site. Result: Analysis of 62 respondents showed the majority were over 25 years old (40.3% aged 25-35; 50.0% aged >36 years). Lifestyle analysis in a sub-sample of 21 respondents revealed a very high prevalence of smoking (90.5%) and alcohol consumption in 38.1% of respondents. Income data from 41 respondents indicated the majority (63.4%) earned between IDR 500,000 until IDR 1,000,000 per month. 20 respondents reporting back pain, the most dominant accompanying symptoms were headache (90%) and reported loss of consciousness (85%). This finding is atypical for mechanical low back pain and may reflect misinterpretation of symptoms or other underlying conditions, requiring further clinical investigation, followed by pain radiating to the abdomen (60%). Conclusion: This descriptive study concludes that back pain among fishermen in the study location tends to occur in older age groups and may be exacerbated by high smoking rates. The reported accompanying symptoms, particularly the high frequency of self-reported episodes suggestive of loss of consciousness or presyncope.
Copyright (c) 2026 Ricky Yuliam, Muh. Ali Hi Palanro, Mohamad Zulfikar
Predictive Role of Non-Invasive Laboratory Markers in Hepatic Fibrosis among Hepatitis B Patients
Introduction: Chronic hepatitis B (CHB) is a major cause of liver fibrosis, which may progress to cirrhosis if undetected. Non-invasive biomarkers such as Gamma-glutamyl Transferase to Albumin Ratio (GAR), Alkaline Phosphatase to Platelet Ratio (APPR), and Alkaline Phosphatase plus Gamma-glutamyl Transferase to Platelet Ratio (AGPR) have shown promise in predicting fibrosis severity, potentially outperforming traditional markers like APRI. Methods: We conducted a cross-sectional study involving 34 CHB patients at Dr. Sardjito General Hospital, Yogyakarta (October 2022–February 2023). Liver stiffness was assessed using shear wave elastography (SWE) and staged according to the Metavir system (F0–F4). GAR, APPR, and AGPR were calculated from laboratory data. Spearman correlation and linear regression analyses were used to evaluate their association with fibrosis severity. Result: AGPR showed the strongest correlation with fibrosis stage (ρ = 0.611, p < 0.001), followed by GAR (ρ = 0.450, p = 0.008) and APPR (ρ = 0.384, p = 0.026). All three indices were significant in univariate regression, while the combined model demonstrated improved predictive performance (R² = 0.389, p = 0.003) despite lack of independent significance in multivariate analysis. Conclusion: GAR, APPR, and AGPR are promising non-invasive biomarkers for assessing liver fibrosis in CHB patients. Their combined use enhances diagnostic accuracy and offers practical benefits, particularly in settings where biopsy is not available.
Copyright (c) 2025 Dimar Kumala Puspaningrum
Exploration of The Knowledge and Lifestyles of Obese Housewives in Sukamaju Village
Introduction: Housewives exhibit a higher susceptibility to obesity compared to women employed in office settings or those who are students, primarily due to the increased time spent at home attending to childcare responsibilities. The incidence of obesity is more prevalent among boys than girls, a trend that inversely correlates with the age of entering adulthood. At this stage, women are more prone to obesity than men. Married women experience weight gain at nearly twice the rate of their unmarried counterparts. Data from the 2011 and 2015 National Health and Morbidity Surveys (NHMS) indicate that the prevalence of obesity is greater in women than in men. Furthermore, the average Body Mass Index (BMI) of housewives surpasses that of individuals in other occupations. Obesity occurs when energy intake exceeds energy expenditure, resulting in an energy imbalance and subsequent weight gain, with 60% to 80% of this increase typically comprising body fat mass. Methods: This quantitative study employed an observational design, utilizing univariate and bivariate analysis with the chi-square test for data analysis. The sampling technique implemented was simple random sampling. Result: A significant association was identified between knowledge and obesity (p = 0.028). Additionally, a relationship between lifestyle and obesity was observed, with a p-value of 0.035. Conclusion: A significant correlation exists between knowledge, lifestyle, and obesity among housewives.
Empirical Antibiotics’ Impact on Hospital Stay and Mortality in Community-Acquired Pneumonia
Introduction: Community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) shows a high prevalence rate in adult patients. Bacterial infections are the most common etiology of CAP cases and can lead to patient hospitalization, morbidity, and mortality. Empirical antibiotics can be given to CAP patients to prevent worsening. This study aims to analyze the appropriateness of empirical antibiotics, according to guidelines on length of stay and mortality, in CAP patients. Methods: This observational retrospective study used medical record data from CAP patients at Sultan Agung Islamic Hospital, Semarang, from January 2023 to December 2024. We evaluated the impact of prescribed antibiotics, based on the 2019 ATS/IDSA guidelines, on length of stay and in-hospital mortality. Data were tested using the Fisher test with a 95% confidence interval (CI). Result: Significant differences were shown in the type of treatment room and comorbid diseases such as lung disorders, related to patient outcomes (recovery or death). The administration of empirical antibiotics to patients with CAP, as recommended by guidelines on length of hospitalization and patient mortality, demonstrated p-values of 0.683 and 0.166, respectively (p > 0.05). The suitability of empirical antibiotics to the guideline did not affect the length of treatment and outcome of CAP patients. Conclusion: The administration of empirical therapy in accordance with guidelines did not demonstrate a correlation with reduced duration of hospitalisation or decreased mortality. Nevertheless, a significant association was identified between ICU admission, comorbid lung disease, and patient outcomes.
Copyright (c) 2025 Dewi Intisari, Intan Tri Handini, Maritsatun Nisa
Introduction: Tonsillitis is an inflammation of the palatine tonsils that are part of Waldeyer's ring, and is caused by microorganisms such as viruses, bacteria, and fungi that enter the body through the air or food. The spread of tonsillitis infection can also be through kisses that contain microorganisms. Acute tonsillitis is caused by streptococcus beta hemolyticus, streptococcus viridans and streptococcus pyogenes, can also be caused by viruses. Chronic tonsillitis isgenerally caused by complications of acute tonsillitis, especially those that are not treated properly. In addition to improper treatment, other risk factors for the onset of chronic tonsillitis include poor oral hygiene, physical fatigue and certain types of food. Methods: Descriptive observational with a retrospective approach and the research design used is Cross Sectional Study. Result: The results of the distribution of patients with tonsillitis based on age, the most at the age of 5 - 11 years, as many as 20 people (50%). Based on gender, the highest number was female as many as 23 people (58%). Based on the size of the tonsils, the largest size was T2- T2 as many as 17 patients (43%). Based on the diagnosis, there were 23 patients (58%) with acute tonsillitis. Conclusion: Acute tonsillitis was the most common diagnosis with a patient age range of 5 - 11 years, where most were female and tonsil size was T2-T2.
Copyright (c) 2025 Risna, Andi Tenri Sanna Arifuddin, Andi Millaty Halifah Dirgahayu Lantara, Zulfitriani Murfat, Moh Reza Zainal Abidin
Relationship between Diet using Food Frequency Questionnaire and The Incidence of Dysmenorrhea
Introduction: Students’ eating habits are strongly shaped by their busy schedules and active social lives, which often encourage a preference for fast food and reduce the consumption of fiber-rich foods. Methods: This study uses a cross-sectional methodology and is an analytical observational study. Methods: Descriptive observational with a retrospective approach and the research design used is Cross Sectional Study. Result: The results of the distribution of patients with tonsillitis based on age, the most at the age of 5 - 11 years, as many as 20 people (50%). Based on gender, the highest number was female as many as 23 people (58%). Based on the size of the tonsils, the largest size was T2- T2 as many as 17 patients (43%). Based on the diagnosis, there were 23 patients (58%) with acute tonsillitis. Conclusion: Acute tonsillitis was the most common diagnosis with a patient age range of 5 - 11 years, where most were female and tonsil size was T2-T2.
Copyright (c) 2025 Ade Lutfia Widya Ningrum, Sri Julyani, Rasfayanah Rasfayanah, Masita Fujiko, Dian Fahmi Utami
Legal Protection for Health Workers against Occupational Safety and Health Standards in Hospital
Introduction: The implementation of Occupational Safety and Health (OHS) is a form of effort to make a workplace that is safe, healthy, free from environmental pollution, so that it is free from work accidents and occupational diseases that can increase work efficiency and productivity. This study aims to analyze how legal protection for health workers against occupational safety and health standards in hospitals and how obstacles and solutions for legal protection for health workers against occupational safety and health standards at RSJ Grhasia Yogyakarta, RS JIH Yogyakarta, and RS Paru Respira Yogyakarta. Methods: The approach of this research is empirical juridical, the research specification is descriptive-analytical with qualitative data analysis. Results: Legal protection for health workers against occupational safety and health standards in hospitals has been implemented by the Law and Regulation of the Minister of Health. The obstacle faced by the hospital is the lack of hospital human resources whose duties are still concurrent so the OHS program is not optimal. The solution to these obstacles is that every month monitoring is always carried out for work programs and work reports even though human resources are limited but the occupational safety and health program continues to run optimally. Conclusion: The hospital can add human resources so that the OHS program in the hospital runs perfectly, giving sanctions to health workers who do not use PPE, making the OHS program in the hospital as a separate agency.
Copyright (c) 2024 Green Medical Journal
Pulmonary Metastasis in Breast Carcinoma: Role of Imaging in Addressing Cases of Delayed Diagnosis
Background: Breast cancer is still the second leading cause of death, with most deaths caused by breast cancer being due to complications associated with metastasis. The target organ of metastasis that often occurs in breast cancer is the lung. Imaging modalities are essential to see breast cancer with lung metastasis and determine early intervention. Objective: Report on the case of a 60-year-old female patient with lung metastasis of breast carcinoma at Bethesda Hospital, Yogyakarta. Case Description: A 60-year-old female patient presented with complaints of shortness of breath on exertion and weight loss. The radiological finding was consistent with a lung metastatic lesion. Conclusion: Early diagnosis of breast tumors and lung metastases is crucial for effective treatment and a positive prognosis due to a much lower chance of death as well as higher survival rates in patients with smaller tumors at the time of diagnosis. Imaging using ultrasound-assisted mammography can be the primary modality for the diagnosis and screening of breast cancer, while for the detection of lung metastases, plain chest X-ray can be used as the primary modality for diagnosis and CT can be a supporting imaging method for the presence of smaller metastatic nodules.
Copyright (c) 2025 petra gusti parikesit, Ardhinta Bellano Septarda, Devanya Tiara Kirani, Sudharmaji Sudharmaji
Primary Dysmenorrhea and Sleep Quality: A Study in Tarumanagara University Medical Students
Introduction: Primary dysmenorrhea is a common menstrual pain experienced by young women, characterized by lower abdominal quadrant pain without any underlying pelvic pathology. The intensity of menstrual pain can significantly impact daily activities, and it can also influence various factors, including sleep quality. Objective: This study aimed to determine the association between sleep quality and dysmenorrhea severity. Methods: This study used a cross-sectional design in 214 female medical students at Tarumanagara University aged between 18 to 25 years. Sleep Quality was measured using the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) and the severity of primary dysmenorrhea was measured using a questionnaire adapted from a previously developed instrument. It was validated and tested for reliability by the authors in this study (Cronbach’s α = 0.767). Data were analyze using the Chi-square and multivariable logistic regression, adjusting for BMI and age at menarche. Result: The study found that 49.1% students have poor sleep quality, and 47.2% experienced severe primary dysmenorrhea. Poor sleep quality was significantly associated with higher dysmenorrhea severity (OR = 3.07; 95% CI: 1.76–5.37). Good sleep quality was independently associated with lower odds of severe dysmenorrhea (OR = 0.309; 95% CI: 0.174–0.548; p < 0.001), while BMI and menarche age were not significant. Conclusion: Good sleep quality is independently associated with reduced severity of primary dysmenorrhea and may reduce the risk of experiencing severe dysmenorrhea.
Copyright (c) 2025 Sandy Angelina, Triyana Sari
Helicopter Parenting: Effects on Medical Students’ Adaptation and Academic Achievement
Introduction: Helicopter parenting has many negative impacts on higher education, including how it affects students’ college adjustment and academic achievement. Although a wide range of articles explore helicopter parenting and its influence on higher education, the research on medical education still scarce. Methods: The aims of this study provide a brief explanation of helicopter parenting and its impact on medical education. Articles were collected by assessing SpringerLink, ScienceDirect, Taylor & Francis, and Google Scholar databases. Result: Overcontrol and overprotective manners from helicopter parents may reduce children’s sense of autonomy and competence. Hence, it significantly reduces students’ self-efficacy, self-directed learning, and has low intrinsic motivation in learning. The children of helicopter parents are vulnerable to stress, anxiety, and depression, and tend to have difficulties adjusting to college life. Conclusion: Considering the negative impacts of helicopter parenting, faculty and medical teachers need to develop strategies to address the issue and prevent further impacts.
Copyright (c) 2025 Chaina Hanum, Atien Nur Chamidah, Rita Mustika
Literature Review on Human Metapneumovirus: Updates, Trends and Emerging Concerns in Indonesia, Southeast Asia
Introduction Human Metapneumovirus (HMPV), is an RNA virus contributing to the pathogenesis and severity of Acute Respiratory Infection (ARI) in vulnerable populations globally. Despite recent reports of increasing HMPV cases in China, research on HMPV in Indonesia remains scarce compared to studies conducted in other Southeast Asian countries. Content: HMPV as a pathogen is accidentally discovered in concurrent with the study of other causative agents. HMPV infection can cause severe respiratory tract infection, especially in vulnerable populations such as the elderly and children with underlying disease. Therefore, research in respect to HMPV epidemiology, morbidity, and mortality of the disease generated by HMPV infection in Indonesia should be continuously conducted. Conclusion: This study aims to review findings of HMPV in Southeast Asia region countries, such as Malaysia and Singapore. Understanding HMPV seasonality patterns, clinical features, surveillance, and public health responses could improve readiness for the upcoming emergence.
Copyright (c) 2025 Priastuti Priastuti, Laily Rahmawati
Correlation of Myopia Degree with Central Corneal Thickness and Corneal Endothelial Density
Introduction: The anterior segment characteristics that may contribute to myopia are central corneal thickness and corneal endothelial cell density. The purpose of this study is to ascertain whether corneal endothelial density and central corneal thickness are associated with the degree of myopia. Methods: This cross-sectional observational analytical study was conducted from October to November 2018 at the Hasanuddin University Hospital in Makassar, Indonesia. Levior myopia (< -3.00 D) 61 eyes, moderate myopia (-3.00 D - -6.00 D) 30 eyes, and gravior myopia (> 6.00 D) 11 eyes comprised the 102 eyes of 65 myopic patients who participated in the study. The Snellen chart projector and trial lens set are used to test the refractive state of myopia. In contrast, the Nidek-CEM 530 specular microscope is used to measure the central corneal thickness and corneal endothelial cell density. Results: The high myopia group had the lowest CCT mean (521.3um; p: 0.199). The group with high myopia had the lowest mean ECD, 2777.6 (p<0.05). In cases of moderate myopia, a correlation between corneal ECD and CCT was found (p<0.05). Conclusion: The degrees of myopia and the CCT do not correlate. Reductions in corneal ECD are associated with myopia gravior. In moderate myopia, there is a strong positive relationship between corneal endothelial cell density and central corneal thickness.
Copyright (c) 2025 M Abrar Ismail, Wanty Burhanuddin, S Rukiah Syawal, Shelly Salmah
Prevalence of Computer Vision Syndrome Among Medical Students at Universitas Muslim Indonesia
Introduction: Computers are something that is needed nowadays. Computers are not only used to make work easier but also for entertainment. The use of computers in various ways will cause health problems for computer users. Computer Vision Syndrome (CVS) is a group of eye symptoms caused by prolonged use of computers or other electronic devices. Objective: Determine the frequency of CVS incidents in medical faculty students at the Indonesian Muslim University in the Class of 2020. Method: This study employed a descriptive design with a cross-sectional approach. Primary data were collected using the Computer Vision Syndrome Questionnaire (CVS-Q), which was distributed to medical students at Universitas Muslim Indonesia via Google Forms. The data were analyzed using Microsoft Excel and SPSS software. Results: The CVS incidence rate was 116 people (50.9%). Based on gender, the largest number was women, 95 people (91.9%). Based on the use of glasses, CVS was higher among students who did not use glasses, 66 respondents (56.9%). Based on the duration of computer, the highest duration of heavy use was found by 62 people (53.4%). Based on the frequency of rest, <10 minutes more often experienced CVS, namely 89 people (76.7%). Based on viewing distance, there were more respondents with a distance of <50 cm, with 78 people (67.2%). Conclusion: The most common gender who experienced CVS was female, CVS was more prevalent students who did not use glasses with a heavy duration with a rest frequency of <10 minutes and a viewing distance of <50 cm.
Copyright (c) 2025 Maghfira Azzahra Yusuf, Marliyanti Nur Rahmah Akib, Febie Irsandy Syahruddin, Ratih Natasha Maharani, Hanna Aulia Namirah
Factors Length of Intensive Stay in Patients Post Gastro Intestinal Tract Operation
Introduction: Intensive care after gastrointestinal surgery is one of the factors that play an important role in caring patients with gastrointestinal disorders. Long treatment will have an impact on mortality and high treatment costs. The length of treatment can be caused by several factors, namely external factors and internal factors. External factors are nutritional status, type of surgery, and type of anesthesia. Meanwhile, internal factors are age, gender, amount of bleeding, incidence of infection and underlying disease. Objective: Determine the factors associated with the length of intensive care in post-lower gastrointestinal tract surgery patients at Ibnu Sina YW UMI Makassar Hospital. Method: Observational analysis with a cross-sectional method uses secondary data from the medical records data of patients treated in 2021 and 2022. Results: From the data of 60 patients who met the inclusion criteria with patient descriptions: 56.6% adult age, 66.6% male gender, 83.3% type of operation found to be elective, 56.6% type of anesthesia without epidural, amount of bleeding <30% EBV was 83.3%, the incidence of infection was found to be 75%, good nutrition was 51.6%, the underlying disease was found to be malignant in 31.6%. Factors that influence the length of hospitalization are the amount of bleeding >30% EBV (p <0.001) and malnutrition nutritional status (p = 0.037). Conclusion: Factors associated with the length of intensive care in post-lower gastrointestinal tract surgery patients at Ibnu Sina YW UMI Makassar Hospital are the amount of bleeding >30% EBV and malnutrition nutritional status.
Copyright (c) 2025 Annisa Nurmayanti, Faisal Sommeng, Rezky Putri Indarwati Abdullah, Reeny Purnamasari, Muh. Wirawan Harahap
Sickle Cell Trait and Protection Against Malaria: Review Literature
Introduction: Malaria is an infectious illness caused by various Plasmodium parasites transmitted by Anopheles mosquitoes. Currently, malaria is still a health problem with a significant incidence globally and has high morbidity and mortality. This makes researchers continue to seek solutions for malaria eradication. One of the things that is known to be protective against severe malaria infection is the sickle cell trait or HbAS. Content: Sickle cell trait is a condition in which an individual is a carrier or has a single gene that causes sickle cell disease. The way sickle cell trait protects against malaria has been suggested for a long time. Along with the development of science and technology, various mechanisms of how the sickle cell trait protects against severe malaria are becoming known. Several mechanisms include sickling, miRNA, decreased cytoadherence, and immunological mechanisms. Conclusion: Malaria is most often caused by Plasmodium falciparum. Indonesia is still an endemic country with the most frequent cases of malaria in children. One thing that is known to be protective against severe malaria, both symptomatic and asymptomatic malaria, is the sickle cell trait with various underlying mechanisms.
Vitamin D Supplementation for Pregnancy Complications; Systematic Literature Review
Introduction: Vitamin D deficiency is a global health concern, particularly among pregnant women, with prevalence rates reaching up to 40%. This deficiency poses risks to both maternal and fetal health, leading to complications such as gestational diabetes, preeclampsia, and preterm labor. Content: This study employed a literature review approach, collecting data from Google Scholar, ScienceDirect, and Technology Index (SINTA). Articles were selected based on inclusion criteria: international journals published between 2017 and 2024, focusing on the effectiveness of vitamin D during pregnancy. Exclusion criteria included journals ranked >Q3 (SJR) and >3 (SINTA). The review process involved critical appraisal, skimming, scanning, and thematic analysis. Conclusion: Findings indicate that vitamin D supplementation reduces pregnancy complications. Future research should explore the extent of its effectiveness in optimizing maternal and fetal health outcomes.
Copyright (c) 2025 Bayu Pratama Putra, Ika Sutrisnawati
Reducing Soil-Transmitted Helminths Infection in Children: The Best Outcome of The COVID-19 Pandemic
Introduction: Soil-transmitted helminths (STH) infection remains a significant health challenge in developing countries, including Indonesia, with an incidence of around 28.9%. During the COVID-19 pandemic, there have been some changes in society’s habits. Therefore, this study aimed to confirm how the pandemic affects the STH infection prevalence in high-risk children. Methods: This study, designed as a cross-sectional analysis, was conducted across multiple orphanages in Makassar, Indonesia. The sample population was healthy children aged 1–18 years old diagnosed with iron deficiency. Stool samples were collected and analyzed using the Kato-Katz technique to detect STH infection. The data was analysed with SPSS version 26 and presented in diagrams and tabulations. Results: A total of 545 children 1-18 years old participated in this study, with 144 (26%) suffering from iron deficiency; 89 (61.4%) girls, and 56 boys (38.6%). The soil-transmitted helminth’s prevalence in children with iron deficiency was 6.9%, with A lumbricoides infection at 2.06% (3/144), T. trichiura infection at 2.7% (4/144), and both infections at 2.06% (3/144). Conclusion: The prevalence of soil-transmitted helminth infections among children in Indonesia significantly decreased during the COVID-19 pandemic.
Relationship of Fruits and Vegetables Consumption with Children’s Cognitive Function in Elementary School Makassar
Introduction: Based on 2018 Basic Health Research data, the proportion of fruits and vegetables consumption among the Indonesian population ≥ 5 years old is still less, namely 95.5%. Eating fruits and vegetables can maintain cognitive function and repair damaged brain cells. The research aimed to determine the relationship between fruits and vegetables consumption and cognitive function in elementary school children in Makassar. Methods: The research methodology is descriptive observational. The study sample size was 37 participants selected using a simple random sampling technique at SDN Borong Raya Makassar from September 2023 to October 2023. The independent variable was fruits and vegetables consumption, while the dependent variable in this study was cognitive function. Results: Data analysis used the SPSS statistical Chi-square test where p < 0.05. The research results show that children who consume enough fruits and vegetables have good cognitive development (71.43%). Conclusion: There is a relationship between fruits and vegetables consumption and cognitive function. Adequate consumption of fruits and vegetables can optimize children's cognitive development.
Satisfaction with Online and Offline Learning among 2020 Medical Students at Universitas Muslim Indonesia
Introduction: In recent years, Indonesian education has undergone drastic changes to respond to the world's digital challenges. When learning online, education components make many preparations while offline learning tends to require higher tuition fees. The lecturer needs to adjust the curriculum and lesson planning, learning practices and learning assessment, online and offline learning are different, so the level of student satisfaction will be very different. Knowing the level of satisfaction of online learning and offline learning in 2020 batch students of the Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Muslim Indonesia. Methods: This study used a descriptive method with a cross-sectional research design. Results: 252 samples who filled out the questionnaire, the level of online learning satisfaction of the class A sample, the satisfied category was 120 respondents (94.5%) and dissatisfied as many as 7 respondents (5.5%), while the level of offline learning satisfaction of the class A sample, the satisfied category was 121 respondents (95.3%) and dissatisfied as many as 6 respondents (4.7%). The level of online learning satisfaction of the class B sample, the satisfied category was 117 respondents (93.6%) and dissatisfied as many as 8 respondents (6.4%), the level of offline learning satisfaction of the class A sample, the satisfied category was 123 respondents (98.4%) and dissatisfied as many as 2 respondents (1.6%). Conclusion: The students of the medical faculty class of 2020 at Universitas Muslim Indonesia are satisfied with both online and offline learning methods.
A Comprehensive Review of HLA-DPB1 *05:01 in Hepatitis B: Cases and Sequencing Methods
Background: The human leukocyte antigen (HLA) system is critical in mediating immune responses by presenting peptides to T cells. Among the HLA loci, HLA-DPB1 is noteworthy for its role in immune regulation and disease susceptibility. The HLA-DPB1*05:01 allele, in particular has been associated with various immunological outcomes and disease processes, including hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection. Objective: This review aims to explore the association of HLA-DPB1*05:01 with HBV infection, disease progression, and vaccine response, while also discussing the methodologies employed for sequencing this allele. Methods: Following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines, a comprehensive literature search was conducted across PubMed, ScienceDirect, Wiley, and Google Scholar. Studies included in this review focused on HLA-DPB1*05:01 in the context of HBV, encompassing epidemiological research, clinical outcomes, and sequencing techniques. Results: The HLA-DPB1*05:01 allele plays a significant role in HBV infection, with its effects varying across different populations. In Caucasians, it is associated with spontaneous clearance of HBV, suggesting a protective role. Conversely, in East Asian and Chinese populations, it is linked to increased susceptibility to chronic HBV infection. This allele also influences disease progression, slowing progression to severe liver diseases in some populations but increasing risk in others. Additionally, HLA-DPB1*05:01 affects antiviral treatment efficacy and is associated with a higher likelihood of non-response to the hepatitis B vaccine. Conclusion: The HLA-DPB1*05:01 allele significantly impacts HBV infection outcomes, highlighting the complex interplay between genetic and environmental factors. While sequencing techniques provide detailed genetic analysis, variability in study methodologies and population-specific effects present challenges. Future research should address these limitations to enhance understanding of HLA-DPB1*05:01 and its role in HBV infection.
Correlation between Triglyceride Glucose Index and Diabetic Kidney in Type 2 Diabetic: Literature Review
Introduction: One marker of insulin resistance in type 2 diabetes is the triglyceride index (TyG), which has been studied to predict the development of diabetic kidney disease (DKD). This study investigates the correlation between the triglyceride glucose index and diabetic kidney disease in type 2 diabetes mellitus. Methods: A comprehensive search was conducted in PubMed, Proquest, ScienceDirect, Taylor and Francis, Cochrane Library and Google Scholar search using search terms including (‘‘Triglyceride Glucose Index or TyG’’) and (‘‘Diabetic Kidney or Diabetic Nephropathy’’) and ("Diabetes Mellitus" OR "Diabetes Mellitus Type II" OR "Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus"). Results: A total of 8 studies were screened based on titles and abstracts, of which 7 studies were included in the analysis of TyG and DKD. A prediction model including the TyG index demonstrated excellent calibration and discrimination for the probability of DKD in research involving patients recently diagnosed with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). This approach has potential applications in clinical practice. DKD and metabolic diseases are independently correlated with the TyG index. Recently, one sensitive method for identifying DKD with insulin resistance has been the TyG index. The TyG index is a readily available, affordable, and simple marker for identifying of microvascular problems in T2DM patients. Conclusion: In our review, TyG and DKD were significantly positively correlated in patients with type 2 diabetic mellitus. TyG index has potential as a practical tool for determining insulin resistance and predicting the probabilities that individuals with type 2 diabetes are related to diabetic kidney disease.
Physical Activity and Sleep Quality in Relation to Academic Performance among Indonesian Physiotherapy Students: A Cross-Sectional Study
Introduction: The lockdown due to the COVID-19 leads to changes in health behaviors, including physical activity and sleep quality. The consequence of insufficient sleep among most university students is a decline in their learning ability. Furthermore, insufficient sleep and lack of physical activity can have detrimental impacts on students' physical well-being, such as increased risk of chronic diseases. This study aimed to explore the association between physical activity, sleep quality, and academic performance in Indonesian undergraduate physiotherapy students. Methods: This study used a cross-sectional design. One hundred and thirty-four students (Female, aged 18-25) were recruited from the Bachelor Program in Physiotherapy at a university in South Sulawesi, Indonesia. The Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index was used to assess sleep quality. To assess physical activity level, The International Physical Activity Questionnaire-Short Form (IPAQ-SF) was used. Students' academic performance was evaluated based on the final grades of the selected course. Results: The majority (63%) of physiotherapy students had low physical activity levels. Almost all students (95.5%) suffered from poor quality of sleep. Sleep quality and academic performance were found to be positively correlated, indicating that students with good sleep quality performed better in school. It is noted that 64% of physiotherapy students with A and B grades had low physical activity. Conclusion: Academic performance is negatively correlated with poor sleep quality. High-achievement students typically have lower levels of physical activity. This study highlights the issue of insufficient sleep quality and the need for promotion of sleep hygiene.
The Relationship of Aggressiveness and Depression during the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Literature Review
Introduction: The COVID-19 pandemic has a significant impact on the mental health of people around the world, including increased levels of aggressiveness and depression. This study aims to identify the relationship between aggressiveness and depression during the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods: This research uses the literature review with the PICO method which selects relevant sources based on patient, population or problem, intervention, comparison, and outcome. Articles were collected using search engines such as EBSCO, Pubmed, ScienceDirect, and Proquest. The criteria for articles used were those published in 2019-2024. Results: The literature review conducted in this study identified 22 relevant articles addressing the issue of aggressiveness and depression during the COVID-19 pandemic. These articles provide critical insights into the complex relationship between these two mental health challenges, particularly in the context of the unique stressors introduced by the pandemic. The analysis of these sources highlights the significant increase in both depression and aggressive behaviors, emphasizing the need for comprehensive mental health interventions to address the dual impact of these conditions during global health crises. Conclusion: The pandemic has exacerbated mental health conditions, with depression becoming more prevalent and often leading to aggressive behavior due to impaired emotion regulation. Contributing factors include psychological distress, social isolation, economic uncertainty, and disrupted routines. The findings highlight the need for holistic mental health interventions and adequate social support to mitigate these effects.
The Impact of Protein Intake on Stunting in Toddlers: A Lapai Health Center Study
Introduction: Stunting is a short stature caused by chronic malnutrition based on weight-for-age, height-for-age, and chronological age that greatly impacts child growth and development. According to SSGI 2021, Southeast Sulawesi is ranked fifth in Indonesia with the highest stunting rate at 30.2% and North Kolaka Regency has a stunting rate of 29.1%. The causes of stunting are quite diverse, one of which is the lack of protein food consumption. The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between protein intake and the incidence of stunting in toddlers. Methods: This study was an observational analytic study. This study was participated by 18 children who were registered at the Lapai Health Centre. Using the cross-sectional method and chi-square test, 18 children will be analyzed to determine the relationship of protein intake to stunting. Results: The results showed that the percentage of toddlers with less protein intake was 72.2% and only 27.8% were in the sufficient category. Toddlers with the stunting category were 77.8% and toddlers with the normal category were only 22.2%. With data analysis using the chi-square test, the P-value <0.05 (P-value 0.04) was obtained. Conclusion: This study focuses on the increasing incidence of stunting in toddlers caused by a lack of protein intake. The results of this study emphasize to that parents and local governments to pay more attention to children's protein intake during toddlerhood by providing varied protein intake.
Factors Associated with Anxiety Level of Resident Doctors during The COVID-19 Pandemic
Introduction: COVID-19 is an infectious disease that first appeared in Wuhan in December 2019. Indonesia as of January 2021 has reached more than one million cases, with more than 300 doctors dying. Resident doctors of Universitas Hasanuddin continue to provide services during the pandemic so that it is vulnerable to infection and anxiety. However, there is no clear data regarding this. Methods: Comparative research with a quantitative approach, conducted in October-December 2020 on resident doctors of Universitas Hasanuddin. A total of 399 residents filled out an anonymous questionnaire online, consisting of general data, PSS-10, and GAD-7. Data processing used Microsoft Excel and SPSS 24.0 to obtain the expected statistical results. Analysis used the chi-square test. Results: Almost 50% of resident doctors of Universitas Hasanuddin experienced anxiety (GAD-7: 49.6% mild-severe anxiety; PSS-10: 48.4% moderate-severe stress). Psychiatric history and COVID-19 confirmed history were associated with anxiety (p<0.05). Study period level and working hours also affected stress levels. Availability of personal protective equipment was associated with anxiety. Age, gender, marital status, financing, number of children, number of households, infectious work area and contact history had no effect on anxiety.Sources of anxiety included fear of infection, availability of PPE, transmission to family, continuity of study, continuity of incentives, and uncertainty of the end of the pandemic. Conclusion: Psychiatric history and COVID-19 diagnosis are factors associated with MPPDS anxiety during the COVID-19 pandemic.
Potential Drug Interaction on Bleeding Events in Stroke Recurrence Patients with Atrial Fibrillation
Introduction: Stroke is a major complication of atrial fibrillation, carries a high risk of recurrence. The likelihood of adverse effects from warfarin-drug interactions increases with the number of concurrent medications. Identifying these potential interactions is crucial. This study aimed to evaluate the impact of drug interactions on bleeding events and the incidence of recurrent stroke in patients with atrial fibrillation. Methods: This retrospective study tracked 314 stroke patients with atrial fibrillation at Dr. Sardjito and Dr. Moewardi General Hospital over one year who received warfarin at two hospitals from January 2015 to December 2019. Using purposive sampling, 50 patients were analyzed and divided into two groups, 11 with stroke recurrence and 39 without recurrence in one year of treatment. Statistical analyses, including chi-square tests and odds ratio calculations, were performed to assess factors influencing stroke recurrence. Results: In addition, major, moderate, and minor drug interactions were not significantly different p>0,05. Meanwhile, minor drug interaction correlated with bleeding event (p<0,05) and OR 0,1. The study underscored an elevated risk of bleeding associated with combinations such as warfarin-amiodarone, warfarin-clopidogrel, and various NSAIDs in major interaction analysis. Conclusion: The research highlights an increased risk of bleeding caused by interaction in combinations therapiest such as warfarin-amiodarone, warfarin-clopidogrel, and various NSAIDs. These findings stress the importance of careful evaluation and management of drug interactions to reduce adverse effects and enhance outcomes for patients with recurrent strokes with atrial fibrillation.
Personal Hygiene and Environmental Sanitation Factors that Influence the Incidence of Scabies in Al-Bayan
Introduction: The scabies is a skin disease caused by an infestation of Sarcoptes scabies mites. The scabies prevalence in Makassar city health profile in 2012 was 8 of 10 major diseases with a huge 6.63 %. Methods: Analytical description with cross-sectional design. Data was collected through interviews using personal hygiene questionnaires and environmental sanitation observation sheets. The sample for this study was total sampling, a total of 67 junior high school Al Bayan Hidayatullah students were selected. Results: Chi-square test results that showed that there was a relationship between skin hygiene and the incidence of scabies (p-value = 0.000), there was a relationship between hand hygiene and the incidence of scabies (p-value = 0.014), there was a relationship between nail hygiene and the incidence of scabies (p-value = 0.023), there is a relationship between clothing hygiene and the incidence of scabies (p-value = 0.000), there is a relationship between towel hygiene and the incidence of scabies (p-value = 0.006), there is no relationship between bed and bed linen hygiene and the incidence of scabies (p-value = 0.095 ), There is no relationship between environmental sanitation and the incidence of scabies (p-value = 0.538), There is no relationship between residential density and the incidence of scabies (p-value = 0.538). Conclusion: Improve personal hygiene and improve environmental sanitation so that they can avoid scabies as early as possible.
Effect of Dangke on Changes in Neutrophil to Lymphocyte Ratio in Obese White Rats
Introduction: Obesity is associated with inflammation. Previous research has found that obesity determined by Body Mass Index (BMI) and Waist Circumference (LP) is associated with inflammation. Dangke contains Indigenos Lactic Acid Bacteria. The presence of lactic acid bacteria in fermented products has very positive benefits for health. The function of papaya sap which is used in making dangke, can act as an antibacterial and anti-inflammatory ingredient. Methods: Pure experimental research with a design, namely Pre-Post Randomized Clinical Trial Design. Data analysis used the independent T-test/Mann-Whitney test with a value <0.05. Results: The difference in the mean levels of Neutrophil to Lymphocyte (NLR) in the Intervention and control groups obtained a p-value of 0.94 which means that there is no relationship between control and intervention on NLR levels. The average change in NLR levels in the control group p-value of 0.61 which means there is no significant change in NLR levels in test 1 and test 2. The average change in NLR levels in the intervention group before and after the intervention was given a p-value of 0.07, which means there was no significant change in NLR levels in the intervention group. Conclusion: This study showed that intervention with Dangke did not yield a significant alteration in the NLR levels within the animal model of obesity.